The designs of the first audions and technologies to improve their design and electrical characteristics are considered. The commercial features of the implementation of audions are noted. The production of commercial radio receivers on one audion and some circuit solutions of these devices, as well as their marketing are presented. The situation around the audion before the lawsuits against the De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company was investigated. The patent litigation between the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America and the De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company is shown in detail.
Lee de Forest, three-electrode audion, audion marketing, patent litigation, De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Company, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America
1. Pestrikov V. M. Genezis audiona Li de Foresta // Infokommunikacionnye i radioelektronnye tehnologii. 2021. T. 4, № 1. S. 42-79.
2. Pestrikov V. M. Prodvizhenie Li de Forestom innovaciy besprovodnogo telefona na rynke uslug // Infokommunikacionnye i radioelektronnye tehnologii. 2021. T. 4, № 2. S. 107-146.
3. Erb E. Double Audion von de Forest. 1909. URL: https://www.radiomuseum.org/forum/double_audion_von_de_forest_1909.html#1 (data obrascheniya: 25.09.2021).
4. Armstrong E. H. The Audion and De Forest. From Letters to the editor // Wireless World. January 1954. P. 17.
5. Butcher E. E. How to Conduct a Radio Club. Article II // The Wireless Age.1914. No. 1. P. 275.
6. Okamura S. History of Electron Tubes. IOS Press, 1994. 233 p.
7. Fuhring J. The Coherer and Other Early Radio Detectors. URL: http://www.geojohn.org/Radios/MyRadios/Coherer/Coherer.html (data obrascheniya: 25.09.2021).
8. De Forest apparatus // Modern-Electrics. 1909. No. 11. P. 391.
9. Wireless telegraph // Scientific American. November 25, 1905. Vol. 93, No. 22. P. 427.
10. Another opportunity to procure Wallace Valve Detector at our Special Bargain Price // Modern Electrics. 1913. No. 8. P. 519.
11. The De Forest Audion // The Electrical Experimenter. 1916. Vol. 4, No. 4. P. 228.
12. Butcher E. E. How to Conduct a Radio Club. Article III // The Wireless Age. 1914. No. 4. P. 525.
13. Robison S. S. Manual of wireless telegraphy for the use of naval electricians. Annapolis, Md., The United States Naval Institute. 1911. P. 138-139.
14. Arapostathis Stathis. Marconi’s legal battles : Discursive, textual, and material entanglements // History of Science. 2019. Vol. 57 (1). P. 99.
15. Satia P. War, Wireless, and Empire : Marconi and the British Warfare State, 1896-1903 // Technology and Culture. October 2010. Vol. 51, No. 4. P. 829-853.
16. Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy /Marconi G. and Marconi’s wireless telegraph company. Patent GB7777.Complete Specification Left, 25th Feb., 1901 - Accepted, 13th Apr, 1901. Date of Application, 26th Apr., 1900.
17. Marconi wireless telegraph Co. of America v. National Electric signaling Co. (two cases) // Federal reporter with key-number annotations. Vol. 213. Permanent edition cases argued and determined in the circuit courts of appeals and district courts of the United States. June-July 1914. St. Paul West publishing Co., 1914. P. 815-863.
18. Apgar C. E. Making the Records from Sayville // The Wireless Age. September 1915. Vol. 2, No. 12. P. 877-880.
19. Butcher E. E. How to Conduct a Radio Club. Article II // The Wireless Age. 1914. No. 14. P. 280.
20. Marconi wireless telegraph Co. Of America v. De Forest radio telephone & telegraph Co. et al. // Federal reporter with key-number annotations. Vol. 225. Permanent edition cases argued and determined in the circuit courts of appeals and district courts of the United States. October-November 1915. St. Paul West publishing Co., 1915. P. 65-67.
21. Marconi wireless telegraph Co. of America v. De Forest radio telephone & telegraph Co. et al. // Federal reporter with key-number annotations. Vol. 236. Permanent edition cases argued and determined in the circuit courts of appeals and district courts of the United States. December 1916 - January 1917. St. Paul West publishing Co., 1917. P. 942-955.
22. Wenaas E. P. Marconi vs. De Forest Audion Infringement Litigation Revisited // AWA Review. 2007. Vol. 20. P. 47.
23. Forest de Lee. The Audion - I: A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraph // Scientific American Supplement. November 30, 1907. No. 1665. P. 349.
24. Marconi wireless telegraph Co. of America v. De Forest radio telephone & telegraph CO. et al. // Federal reporter with key-number annotations. Vol. 243. Permanent edition cases argued and determined in the circuit courts of appeals and district courts of the United States. September - October 1917. St. Paul West publishing Co., 1917. P. 566.
25. Armstrong E. H. Operating Features of the Audion // Electrical World. December 12, 1914. Vol. 64, No. 24. P. 1149-1152.
26. Forest de Lee. Father of Radio. The Autobiography. 1st edition. Chicago : Wilcox & Follett Co., 1950. P. 213-214.
27. Forest de Lee. Static Valve for Wireless Telegraph System. Patent US823402. Application filed Dec. 9, 1905. Patented June 12, 1906.
28. Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America v. The United States, No. 33642, United States Court of Claims (Nexis Lexis, 81 Ct. Cl. 671 ; 1935 U. S. Ct. Cl. LEXIS 189), November 4, 1935, Decided.
29. L. F. H. Betts and Clarence Mackay. 1915. URL: https://www.loc.gov/item/2014701985/(data obrascheniya: 26.09.2021).
30. Radio vacuum - Tube Litigation is Settled // Radio Amateur News. August 1919. Vol. 1. No. 2. P. 77.
31. Howeth L. S. History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1963. P. 377.
32. Tyne G. F. J. Saga of the Vacuum Tube. First edition. Prompt Publications, 1994. P. 115.
33. Marconi Company asks Millions Dollars’ Damages from the U. S. // The Wireless Age. October 1916. Vol. 4, No. 1. P. 21.
